Remarkably, we detected MMN in response to emotional syllables at all sleep stages, whereas MMN in response to nonvocal sounds, as acoustic controls, was diminished during Stage 2, Stage 3, and REM sleep. Our findings in the wakefulness concurred with previous findings that were obtained with a similar paradigm in healthy awake adults (Cheng et al., 2012; Fan et al., 2013; Hung et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2014; Fan and Cheng, 2014; Hung and Cheng, 2014), indicated the validity of the current experimental design to examine the emotional processing during sleep stages. It was evidenced by that the MMN amplitude was decreased by increasing the deviant-stimulus probability, but not by the amount of deviant-stimulus per se (Näätänen et al., 2007). Furthermore, considering that affective discrimination was selectively driven by voice processing rather than low-level acoustical features, we hypothesized that emotional salience processing should be underpinned by cerebral specialization for human voices. The detection of nonvocal MMN at Stage 1 corroborated the automatic detection of sound changes during sleep (Ruby et al., 2008). Sleep relative to wakefulness rendered resource reallocation to alter brain activity, such as, focalized sensory cortical activation along with limited distant interaction with prefrontal cortices (Maquet, 2000; Portas et al., 2000; Drummond et al., 2004; Kaufmann et al., 2006). The MMN and PMP attenuation to nonvocal sounds during sleep might be in line with the altered neural responses to nonconsciously perceived acoustical features (Palva et al., 2005).
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